Aerospace

Metal alloys used in the aerospace field include refractory metals such as niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, rhenium, and tungsten and their alloys. Nb-based C-103 is often used in radiation-cooling nozzles, space response control systems, and hypersonic wing leading edges. Other niobium alloys (WC3009, C129Y, Cb752, FS-85) can be used to manufacture reentry vehicle thermal protection systems and space reactor core structures.

Tantalum base alloys (Ta10W, Ta111, Ta122) are commonly used to manufacture corrosive high-pressure and ultra-high-temperature environments. Molybdenum-based refractory alloys can be used in ultra-high temperature applications such as alkali metal heat pipes and nuclear thermal propulsion fuel elements.